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178. “Turkey’s Pivotal Role in the International Drug Trade,” Le Monde diplomatique, July 1998, http://mondediplo.com/1998/07/05turkey. Cf. Daniele Ganser, NATO’s Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe (London: Frank Cass, 2005), 237–38. Author Claire Sterling attempted to blame the KGB for the assassination attempt, and her view that the KGB was the heart of what she called a global “terror network” was forced on CIA analysts by William Casey and Robert Gates (see note 192).

179. Iran-Contra Affair, Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, 100th Cong., 1st sess., House Report No. 100-433, Senate Report No. 100-216, 164, 166, 228.

180. Block and Weaver, All Is Clouded by Desire, 95–116. Burt Kanter, the cofounder of Castle Bank, was recurringly involved in Rappaport’s IMB–BONY dealings (Block and Weaver, All Is Clouded by Desire, 100, 102, 193, 105, 113).

181. Scott, The Road to 9/11, 163–65, 351; Goltz, Azerbaijan Diary, 272–75.

182. Scott, The Road to 9/11, 167–68, citing Michel Chossudovsky, “Macedonia: Washington’s Military-Intelligence Ploy,” Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research, http://www.transnational.org/SAJT/forum/meet/2001/Chossudov

_WashingtPloy.html.

183. Lernoux, In Banks We Trust, 72; cf. Mother Jones, March 1984.

184. Fineman, A Special Relationship, 179–80; cf. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office), vol. 12, no. 1: 689–90.

185. Trento, The Secret History of the CIA, 410.

186. Susan Lynn Marquis, Unconventional Warfare: Rebuilding U.S. Special Operations Forces (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1997), 156.

187. Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, 100th Cong., 1st sess., House Report No. 100-433, Senate Report No. 100-216, 164.

188. Trento, Prelude to Terror, 283–84.

189. Scott, The Road to 9/11, 52–53.

190. See Rowan Scarborough, Sabotage: America’s Enemies within the CIA (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2007); Kenneth R. Timmerman, Shadow Warriors: The Untold Story of Traitors, Saboteurs, and the Party of Surrender (New York: Crown/Random House, 2007).

191. “It works like this: Blackwater, for example, will win a U.S. government contract; it will then subcontract with itself—that is, with Greystone—to do the job. From there, Greystone looks to its network of international affiliates, firms like Pizarro’s Grupo Tactico in Chile or ID Systems in Colombia, which maintain informal relationships with what are known in the trade as “briefcase recruiters”—individuals with connections to the local paramilitary scene” (Bruce Falconer and Daniel Schulman, “Blackwater’s World of Warcraft,” Mother Jones, March–April 2008). Cf. Jeremy Scahill, Blackwater: The Rise of the World’s Most Powerful Mercenary Army (New York: Nation Books, 2008).

192. This false ideology was enforced even inside the CIA. Author Claire Sterling wrote a book called The Terror Network, claiming “that all major terrorist groups were controlled by the Soviet Union.” The book, with little credibility today, was warmly endorsed by then Secretary of State Alexander Haig, who passed it to William Casey, who presented its thesis to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. Casey also assigned top CIA terrorist analysts and Soviet experts to prepare a special national intelligence estimate based on Sterling’s book. When the experts reported that there was no merit to Sterling’s claims, Casey’s deputy director of intelligence, Robert Gates, had their negative assessment rewritten and reversed by new low-level personnel who had just arrived in the agency. See Mark Perry, Eclipse: The Last Days of the CIA (New York: William Morrow, 1992), 47–49, 319–20. Today, Robert Gates is America’s secretary of defense, reappointed to that position by President Obama.

Chapter 8: Inside the War Machine

1. Dwight David Eisenhower, “Military-Industrial Complex Speech,” 1961, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/eisenhower001.asp.

2. Former SAIC manager, in Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele, “Washington’s $8 Billion Shadow,” Vanity Fair, March 2007, http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2007/03/spyagency200703?currentPage=1.

3. Ed Soyster, MPRI, The Economist, July 8, 1999.

4. Peter Dale Scott, The Road to 9/11: Wealth, Empire, and the Future of America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 7–9.

5. Halford J. Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality (New York: Holt, 1919).

6. Henry Kissinger, in Colin S. Gray and G. R. Sloan. Geopolitics, Geography, and Strategy (Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1999).

7. For the events leading to the displacement of Kissinger, see Scott, The Road to 9/11, 50–54.

8. Le Nouvel Observateur, January 15–21, 1998. In his relentless determination to weaken the Soviet Union, Brzezinski also persuaded Carter to end U.S. sanctions against Pakistan for its pursuit of nuclear weapons (David Armstrong and Joseph J. Trento, America and the Islamic Bomb: The Deadly Compromise [Hanover, NH: Steerforth, 2007]). Thus, Brzezinski’s obsession with the Soviet Union helped produce, as unintended by-products, both al-Qaeda and the Islamic atomic arsenal.

9. Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives (New York: Basic Books, 1997), xiii, 30, 40.

10. Memorandum of February 18, 1992, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukev

ault/ebb245/index.htm.

11. For specific parallels to The Grand Chessboard, see Scott, The Road to 9/11, 191–92.

12. “Joint Vision 2020 Emphasizes Full-Spectrum Dominance,” DefenseLink, http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45289, emphasis added.

13. Brzezinski was so unafraid of Islamic jihadism that, when national security adviser, he convened a working group to deliberately stir up Muslim dissatisfaction inside the Soviet Union (Scott, The Road to 9/11, 70–71).

14. He has since taken credit for persuading President Aliyyev of Azerbaijan to commit to the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline (Zbigniew Brzezinski, “Geopolitically Speaking: Russia’s ‘Sphere of Influence’—Chechnya and Beyond,” Azerbaijan International, Spring 2000, 24, http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/81

_folder/81_articles/81_brzezinski.html). This pipeline, a favor to U.S. and British oil companies, makes geopolitical but not economic sense and is further destabilizing an already tense region. See Pepe Escobar, “Liquid War across Eurasia and the Asia-Pacific: Postcard from Pipelineistan,” The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, http://japanfocus.org/-Pepe-Escobar/3149.

15. Scott, The Road to 9/11, 70–79.

16. Dana Milbank and Justin Blum, “Document Says Oil Chiefs Met with Cheney Task Force,” Washington Post, November 16, 2005. This story noted that chief executive officers of three majors had falsely denied this: “A White House document shows that executives from big oil companies met with